This article reviews recent progress in the application of core hole clock approach in the framework of resonant Auger electron spectroscopy to the monomolecular assembles of alkyl, oligophenyl, and oligo(phenylene-ethynylene) based molecules on Au(111) substrates, referring mostly to the work by the author et al. The proposed regression models can be further used in determining the porosity of FAGPBs at a high accuracy level. R and porosity the e0 r values decreased 2.3-fold over a porosity range of 3–15%. Measurements showed a strong correlation between e0 R and e0 0 r time plots were effectively utilized to determine the setting time and the rate of geopolymerisation of FAGPBs. The relationships between the dielectric properties and the different physical states and constituent materials of FAGPBs could be used for quality control applications. In this range, the dielectric values responded well to the variations with age and with mix properties. It was found that dielectric properties can provide valuable information when measured in the frequency range of 10–25 MHz. The alkaline solution to fly ash ratio, sodium silicate to alkaline solution ratio, and sodium hydroxide solution molarity were varied to study their effects on the dielectric properties. Theĭielectric properties were monitored at different ages until 56 days over a frequency range of 0.1–60 MHz. Equivalent modelcircuits of the measurement system were developed, and the accuracy of the system was verified. A parallel plate capacitor cell technique was used to determine the dielectric constant e0r and dielectric loss factor e0 0 r of fresh and hardened mixes. This method permits a real-time monitoring of the geopolymerisation and hardening progressions. In this study, a method for determining the setting time and the porosity of fly ash-based geopolymer binders (FAGPBs) has been established. This was due to the fact that the Zn2SnO4+15% ZIF-8 nanocomposite had the quickest electron transport rate, the best electron collecting efficiency, and the greatest charge recombination resistance, all of which are extremely advantageous to improve device efficiency. The Zn2SnO4+15% ZIF-8 photoanodes increased the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of DSSC by about 195% (from 2.02 to 3.94%) relative to the pure ZTO photoanode. Furthermore, compared to pure Zn2SnO4 NPs, Zn2SnO4+15% ZIF-8 increased open circuit voltage (VOC) from 0.64 to 0.77 V and short current density (JSC) from 6.89 to 11.27 mA/cm². The results clearly showed that adding ZIF-8 to Zn2SnO4 improved the photovoltaic performance of the fabricated DSSCs. In addition, the effects of Zn2SnO4/ZIF-8 nanocomposites were evaluated on DSSCs performances. The X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), photoluminescence (PL), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) isotherms, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis methods were used to study the properties of all nanostructured photoanodes.

The Zn2SnO4/ZIF-8 nanocomposite photoelectrodes were coated over the TiO2 compact layer to decrease charge recombination at the transparent conductive oxide/mesoporous interface.

The Zn2SnO4 was effectively synthesized in a simple and cost-effective manner by carefully controlling the hydrothermal conditions. In this work, cubic spinel Zn2SnO4 (ZTO)+(5, 10, 15, 20%) zeolite imidazole framework-8 (ZIF-8) nanoparticles were applied as photoanode materials of DSSC devices. It is imperative to develop innovative efficient photoelectrode materials for high-performance dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs).

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